Climate Change Adaptation Information Platform(A-PLAT)
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Impact & Adaptation by Sector

Based on Article 7 of the Climate Change Adaptation Act, the Climate Change Adaptation Plan was approved by the Cabinet in November 2018. Chapter 2, "Sectoral Measures for Climate Change Adaptation," outlines the results of climate change impact assessments in seven areas: Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Water Environment / Water Resources, Natural Ecosystems, Natural Disasters / Coastal Areas,Human Health, Industry and Economic Activities, and Life of Citizenry and Urban Life, which were presented in the Climate Change Impact Assessment Report (March 2015). In addition, new findings on climate change impacts included in the Integrated Report on Climate Change Observation, Projection, and Impact Assessment 2018, which was compiled by relevant ministries and agencies in February 2018, are added as "new findings after the Climate Change Impact Assessment Report," and measures for adaptation to climate change are described for each ministry and agency. This section presents an overview of the sector impacts and adaptation measures described in Chapter 2 of the Climate Change Adaptation Plan.

Seven main sectors

Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries

Impact on agriculture

①General discussion of agricultural production
Agricultural production is vulnerable to climate change, and impacts considered to be caused by climate change, such as growth impairment and quality degradation, are observed for each item. The forecasting of future impacts is conducted mainly on major crops, but further studies of future impacts are necessary.
②Paddy rice
Effects such as deterioration of quality due to high temperature have been confirmed nationwide, and yield has also decreased in some regions and extreme high temperature years. Studies predicting future rice yields have reported that if temperature increases continue as it is, yields tend to increase, but decline after peaking around 2061-2080.
③ Fruit trees
Perennial crop fruit trees have a narrower range of climate adaptability than annual crops. They are considered to be vulnerable to climate change, which can lead to reduced quality, increased biennial results, and increased physiological fruit drop.
④Land-use crops
It can be seen that wheat stems rise and ear emergence become early due to warm winter, followed by freezing frost damage due to low temperatures and late frosts in early spring. Moisture damage occurs due to heavy rain in the whole growing season.
⑤Horticultural crops
The harvesting season of leafy vegetables such as cabbage, root vegetables such as radish, and fruit vegetables such as watermelon in open fields is getting earlier, and the frequency of growth disorders is increasing.
⑥Livestock production
As for livestock, the effects of above-normal temperatures during the summer have been reported to include declines in milk yield, milk composition, and reproductive performance of dairy cattle, and declines in the body mass index of beef cattle, pigs, and meat poultry.
⑦Pests, weeds, and animal infectious diseases
Nezara viridula distributed in part of the west-south warm region causes damage to many crops such as paddy rice, soybeans, and fruit trees. The distribution has already expanded to parts of the Kanto region, and the effect of temperature rise has been pointed out.
⑧Agricultural production base
Regarding the amount of precipitation affecting the agricultural production infrastructure, the range of variations between the year of heavy rainfall and the year of drought is increasing. In the future, it is expected that the amount of water available in northern Japan during the substitute season will decrease, and that the flood risk will increase nationwide during the rainy season and typhoon season.
⑨Ensuring the safety of food and feedstuffs (agricultural products such as cereals, processed products, feedstuffs)
Many types of mold (fungi) live in the soil. They can infect agricultural products and cause diseases that reduce quality and yield, as well as cause fungal contamination that affects food and feed safety.

Agricultural adaptation

①General discussion of agricultural production
In agricultural production in general, efforts are being made to prevent and mitigate the effects of high temperatures, to provide guidance on spreading adaptation measures to production sites, such as introducing high-temperature resistant varieties, and to demonstrate the introduction of new adaptation technologies.
②Paddy rice
Basic techniques such as fertilizer management and water management are being thoroughly implemented, and the development and diffusion of high temperature tolerant varieties are being promoted. As for countermeasures against pests and diseases, thorough measures are being taken to control pests and diseases at the appropriate time by utilizing information on predicted outbreaks.
③Fruit trees
Fruit trees are prone to price fluctuations depending on the supply-demand balance, and it is necessary to take measures from a long-term perspective. The Government will develop a network system to share information on climate change impacts and adaptation measures in production areas, and to examine action plans in an appropriate manner.
④ Land-use crops
Promote the development and dissemination of drainage measures against high rainfall, high temperature, and drought, as well as pest-resistant varieties, breeding materials, and weed control technologies, as measures for wheat, soybeans, red beans, tea, rapeseed, and potatoes.
⑤Horticultural crops
As measures against vegetables and flowers, development of breeding materials that adapt to high temperature conditions, appropriate control and water management are carried out. In the case of use of facilities such as houses, measures will be promoted in terms of hardware against typhoons, heavy snow, etc.
⑥ Livestock production
Raise awareness of measures to prevent heat buildup in barns and appropriate animal feeding management techniques. Work on the development of productivity-enhancing technologies to prevent a decline in body growth rate and fertility during the summer, and on cultivation management technologies and breeding development to enable a stable supply of feed crops.
⑦Pests, weeds, and animal infectious diseases
Establish a system for controlling pests in response to climate change, and collect and disseminate information in a timely and appropriate manner.
⑧Agricultural production base
Based on the effects of future temperature rise, decrease in snowmelt runoff, and increase in concentrated torrential rainfall, effective securing and utilization of agricultural water and disaster countermeasures will be carried out by appropriately combining hard and soft measures.
⑨Ensuring the safety of food and feed (grains and other agricultural products, their processed products, and feed)
To reduce the distribution of mold toxin-producing fungi in domestic farm soils, etc., and health hazards to humans and livestock due to climate change, we will engage in dissemination activities for producers and technological development.

Impact on forests and forestry

①Mountainous disasters, mountain controle and forest road facilities
The risk of hillside collapses that exceed the limits of the forest's mountain disaster prevention function and the loss of mature forests is increasing, and driftwood disasters are becoming more common.
②Planted forest
Drying of the atmosphere increases water stress and declines cedar forests. In areas with low precipitation, the growth of cedar plantations may become unsuitable in the future.
③Natural forest
There are areas where alpine and subalpine vegetation has declined and deciduous broad-leaved trees are likely to have been replaced by evergreen broad-leaved trees. It is predicted that the future distribution range will decrease for species in the cool temperate zone and expand for species in the warm temperate zone.
④Pest
There is concern about the expansion of damaged areas due to temperature rise and precipitation decline.
⑤Special forest products
It has been reported that the outbreak of pathogenic bacteria and the decrease in the amount of shiitake mushroom seedlings due to the rise in temperature in summer.

Adaptation of forests and forestry

①Mountainous disasters, mountainous and forest road facilities
Strengthen the water source recharging function of forests and systematically promote the deployment of forest reserves. The following are examined: Review of survey standard of mountain disaster danger area, promotion of forest road facility improvement considering increase of concentrated torrential rain, development of growth base of coastal disaster prevention forest based on actual situation of the area, etc..
②Planted forest
Assessing adaptability in planted trees, continuous monitoring of the surrounding environment, and assessing the risk of long harvesting periods.
③Natural forest
Continuous monitoring and surveying will be conducted, and efforts will be made to create a forest ecosystem network that integrates with streams.
④Pest
Continue control measures to prevent the spread of forest pests and diseases and monitoring of forest damage.
⑤Special forest products
We will accumulate data on the occurrence of pathogens and changes in the yield of shiitake due to global warming, and study cultivation techniques and varieties of shiitake adapted to global warming.

Impact on the fishing industry

①Sea surface fishery
Although some species, such as yellowtail, increase their catch due to high water temperatures, the results of migration forecast models and water temperature predictions indicate that global warming may slow the southward migration of saury.
②Sea surface aquaculture
Massive die-offs of scallops, increases in oyster die-off rates, and changes in production volumes have been reported in various regions. In the case of cultured laver, there are reports of delays in the seeding period due to high water temperatures in autumn, and a decline in the annual harvest in many areas.
③Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture
The domestic catch of ayu (sweetfish) is on a downward trend. The water temperature at the mouth of the Yodogawa River is expected to rise by 1.43 to 1.99 degrees Celsius by the end of the 21st century, and the number of ayu runs in the Yodogawa River is expected to decrease.
④Constructed fishing grounds
The southern limit of the distribution of sculpin algae along the coast of Japan is moving northward, and the number of species of warm-sea algae is increasing. It is also reported that the feeding behavior and distribution range of vegetative fish species such as rabbitfish have become more active and expanded, and that the catch of migratory fishes has changed.
⑤Fishing ports and fishing villages
It has been reported that high wave damage due to climate change, coastal erosion, flooding risk of mooring facilities in fishing ports due to sea level rise, and effects of waves in ports on quietness have been reported.

Adaptation of fisheries industry

①Sea surface fishery
Advancement of sea conditions and fishing ground forecasts, estimation of resources under climate change, identification of factors causing harmful plankton and prompt information provision, development of methods for releasing juvenile fish due to changes in the marine environment, etc. will be promoted.
②Sea surface aquaculture
Investigation and research on the occurrence of red tide plankton following climate change, development of aquaculture varieties with high water temperature resistance, and measures against fish diseases that may invade Japan as water temperature rises are carried out.
③Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture
Efforts will be made to develop technology for selecting individuals with high water temperature resistance, advanced feeding and discharging technology, and efficient production technology of feed plankton.
④Constructed fishing grounds
Efforts will be made to develop fishing grounds and seaweed beds associated with climate change, to select seaweeds resistant to climate change, and to develop aquaculture technologies.
⑤Fishing ports and fishing villages
The government will systematically promote monitoring of tide levels and waves due to abnormal weather, raising of fishing port facilities such as breakwaters and landing grounds, and development of coastal conservation facilities with a tenacious structure.

Other effects of agriculture, forestry and fisheries

① Heat stroke among workers in the agriculture, forestry, and fishery
The number of heat stroke deaths during work has been on an increasing trend in recent years. In particular, the incidence of heat stroke among elderly aged 65 or older is expected to increase in each region in the future.
②Bird and animal damage
It has been reported that the expansion of the distribution of wild birds and animals has had an impact on crops, forestation trees, and fishery resources.
③World Food Self-Sufficiency Projection
Recent cases of global food supply disruption associated with climate change have been reported.

Adaptation to other agriculture, forestry and fisheries industries

①Heat stroke among workers in the agriculture, forestry, and fishery
Promote awareness raising, such as the use of highly breathable work clothes and heat-stroke meters to inform of high risk of heat-stroke, and labor-saving work through the introduction of new technologies.
②Bird and animal damage
Promote prevention of intrusions, strengthening of capture activities, fostering of persons responsible for capture, and scientific and systematic protection and management.
③World Food Self-Sufficiency Projection
To establish a system for forecasting food supply and demand in the very long term and in the medium term, taking into account economic growth, population projections, policy trends, etc., and to analyze and provide information on the impact of global food supply and demand trends on the stable supply of food in Japan.

Water Environment / Water Resources

Impacts on the Water Environment and Water Resources

①Water environment
In lakes, dam lakes, and rivers, there are concerns about the decrease in DO (dissolved oxygen), deterioration of water quality, and increase in eutrophic lakes. In coastal areas and closed sea areas, an upward trend in surface seawater temperature, including anthropogenic effects, has been reported.
②Water resources
While there have been many occurrences of high intensity short duration rainfall, the number of days of annual precipitation has decreased, resulting in droughts due to water withdrawal restrictions. In the agricultural sector, changes in the timing of rice planting and water management have affected the use of water resources.

Adaptation of Water Environment and Water Resources

①Water environment
In lakes, dam lakes, and rivers, various monitoring systems will be strengthened, measures will be taken to improve dissolved oxygen in the bottom layer, and the accuracy of future predictions of lake water quality will be improved. Surveys and research will be promoted in coastal areas and closed sea areas by accumulating scientific knowledge on the impacts of climate change on water quality and biodiversity.
②Water resources
In terms of drought countermeasures, risk assessment and four countermeasures (countermeasures for relatively frequent droughts, countermeasures for droughts that exceed the capacity of facilities, countermeasures in the fields of agriculture and forestry, and promotion of research and study) have been promoted.

Natural Ecosystems

Effects on the eco-system

① Terrestrial ecosystems
Changes in vegetation in alpine and subalpine zones, natural and secondary forests, and the decline of cedar trees in some planted forests have been reported. There are concerns about the disappearance of alpine vegetation and beech forests in the mountainous regions of Tohoku and central Japan, and a drastic decrease in the number of organisms that live in the alpine zone. In addition, there is a concern that the airspace suitable for migratory birds such as Oriental honey-buzzard, which migrate across the East China Sea in autumn by northeasterly winds, will decrease due to changes in the wind system in the future.
②Freshwater ecosystems
The effects of eutrophication on benthic organisms in deep lakes and marshes through lower oxygen concentration, the decrease of riverine distribution areas where cold-water fish can live due to rising water temperatures, and the drying of marshes and changes in plant communities due to climate change are observed. There are also concerns about increased nutrient supply from terrestrial ecosystems, changes in the rate of nitrogen metabolism by soil microorganisms, and changes in the rate of nutrient leaching from soil.
③Coastal ecosystems
In the case of coral, the distribution area is expanding northward, but at the same time, the growing area is decreasing in some areas due to bleaching. The rise in sea temperature has allowed southern species to overwinter, and the “rock-burning” phenomenon has caused a decrease in the number of temperate kelp species.
④Marine ecosystem
There is a possibility that the density of phytoplankton present in the Japan Sea and other areas may change.
⑤Phenology
The phenology of plants and animals are becoming earlier, with earlier flowering of plants such as Someiyoshino cherry trees and earlier "first song” of animals.
⑥Changes in distribution and populations
The northern limit of distribution will expand to higher latitudes. Changes in interspecific interactions and possible extinction of species due to fragmentation of habitats are feared.

Adaptation of natural ecosystems

①Terrestrial ecosystems
Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out in the alpine zone and coastal areas where impacts are likely to occur. Promote population management of Japanese deer, which have an impact on ecosystems due to their spread, as well as control of alien species.
②Freshwater ecosystems
Ensuring continuity of rivers, lakes, marshes, wetlands, spring water, etc., and promoting the formation of ecosystem networks through which living things can travel. Promote research on the epidemics of inland water fishes caused by rising water temperature.
③Coastal ecosystems
Based on the results of research on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems, promote the management of protected areas as part of adaptation measures.
④Marine ecosystem
Continue research on the relationship between red tide plankton blooms and climate change.
⑤Phenology
Continue and strengthen monitoring surveys to grasp changes in phenology such as flowering of plants. Continue and strengthen participatory monitoring studies in cooperation with research institutions and NPOs.
⑥Changes in distribution and populations
Promote the formation of ecosystem networks that ensure routes for living organisms to migrate and disperse, and take into account the risk of expansion of the distribution of alien species and Japanese deer deer and its effects. At the time of reviewing the project plan for the protection and propagation of domestic rare wild fauna and flora species, the goals and measures in consideration of the impacts of climate change will be examined.

Natural Disasters / Coastal Areas

Impact on natural disasters and coastal areas

①Flood damage
Heavy rainfall events with an hourly rainfall of more than 50 mm or more and total rainfall exceeding several hundred to one thousand mm occur every year in many parts of Japan, causing severe flooding. Future projections of the A1B scenario suggest that heavy rain events that can cause flooding will increase predominantly in typical river basins. The average basin rainfall, which is the target level of safety in flood control planning, has been increasing nationwide.
②Storm surges and high waves
A certain amount of sea level rise is inevitable even when greenhouse gas emissions are controlled. The risk of storm surges is expected to increase due to the increased intensity of typhoons, causing damage to ports and fishing harbors and breakwaters. There are concerns about damage from flooding due to storm surges, and loss of logistics functions due to reduced cargo handling efficiency caused by rising sea levels. It is predicted that beach erosion will continue nationwide, and that 36%, 83%, and 91% of beaches will disappear with a rise in sea level of 20cm, 60cm, and 80cm, respectively.
③Landslides
The frequency of landslide disasters will increase as a result of short duration heavy rainfall and increased precipitation, as well as an increase in landslides with short lead time for warning and evacuation due to sudden and localized heavy rainfall. An increase in the number of cases where cumulative rainfall exceeds 400 mm due to record-breaking heavy rainfall caused by typhoons, etc. will increase the risk of deep-seated collapse occurrences due to the effect of rising groundwater levels.
④Other (strong wind, etc.)
Projections using the A1B scenario predict an increase in the number of strong winds, strong typhoons, etc. from the near future (2015-2039). It is also predicted that the frequency of favorable conditions for the occurrence of tornadoes will increase across Japan by the end of the 21st century.

Adaptation of natural disasters and coastal areas

①Flood damage

[Disaster Risk Assessment]

The frequency of occurrence of disasters, the degree of damage, and the type of damage that may occur should be presented in an easy-to-understand manner. The depth and duration of flooding should be clearly indicated so that evacuation and other measures can be considered based on worst-case scenarios. Consideration should be given to the actual conditions of the region, such as population, infrastructure, location of hospitals, industry, and the aging of the population.

[Disaster Prevention Measures for Relatively Frequent External Forces]

Promote disaster prevention measures to steadily prevent the occurrence of flood damage by steadily improving the facilities that have been promoted so far, as well as through appropriate maintenance, management, and renewal.

[Disaster Reduction Measures for External Forces Exceeding Facilities]

Innovations in the operation, structure, and maintenance procedures of facilities

Promote the review of river improvement plans, taking into account the perspective of disaster mitigation, paying attention to the balance between upstream and downstream, mainstream and tributaries. Promote the development of high-standard levees to prevent levee breaches due to overtopping and seepage caused by floods in low-lying areas in the Tokyo metropolitan area and Kinki region.

Collaboration with Town Making and Community Making

Promote flood control measures that take into account land use conditions. Installation of water stop plates and evacuation guidance as flood control measures to secure time for evacuation actions from underground spaces will be promoted. Promote efforts to present disaster risk information for urban and community development, and to conserve and build two-line levees and natural levees to control the expansion of flooding.

Preparations for evacuation, emergency activities, business continuity, etc.

A timeline for evacuation, rescue, ambulance, and emergency transport in cooperation with the national and local governments will be prepared by estimatinge of the damage for isolated people in large-scale floods.
Develop a plan to be able to dispose of disaster waste while continuing the general waste disposal business in the event of a disaster.
The government will promote the implementation of measures to prevent flooding of city halls, fire departments, hospitals, etc., the securing of backup functions, and the formulation of business continuity plans so that disaster prevention organizations can continue emergency, restoration, and reconstruction activities. Promote the preparation of BCPs for flood damage and implementation of measures to prevent flooding in order to reduce damage to enterprises and to resume operations as soon as possible.

[Measures in the Agricultural Sector]

Maintenance and improvement of disaster prevention and mitigation functions in rural areas by combining hard and soft measures, such as promotion of flood damage prevention through the development of drainage facilities and drainage channels, understanding of facilities and regions with high vulnerability to flooding, preparation of hazard maps, and formulation of business continuity plans.

②Storm surges and high waves

[Port]

If there is a concern about burying of traffic routes and anchorages, a sand control barriers, etc. should be established.
At container terminals, in order to prevent port functions from being degraded due to container spills and electrical equipment failures during storm surge incursions, develop response plans that follow a timeline that includes securing containers and raising electrical equipment.

[Coast]

Identify areas of high disaster risk based on the status of development of coastal protection facilities, and promote countermeasures through an optimal combination of hardware and software measures. Efforts will be made to install structures that allow for an appropriate balance of coastal sediment due to drifting sand, and to deal with offshore drifting sand that may increase due to climate change in some locations.

[Fishing ports, fishing villages, coastal disaster prevention forests]

In the development of coastal disaster prevention forests, we will create a growth base that takes into account the effects of reducing damage from storm surges and coastal erosion, and strengthen the functions of seawalls.

③Landslides
Consider the layout and structure of the facilities so that the sediment control dam, etc., can perform its disaster mitigation function for as long as possible.
The government will promote the development of a system capable of quickly identifying the occurrence of deep collapse and the river channel blockages by utilizing satellites, etc. Regarding areas where disaster risk is particularly high, structural regulation of buildings and development of housing land by designation of sediment-related disaster warning areas will be suppressed, and transfer to safe areas will be promoted.
④Other (strong wind, etc.)
Promote the use of information to warn people that weather conditions are likely to cause tornadoes and severe wind gusts.

Human Health

Health effects

①Heat
As the number of hot days with a daily maximum temperature of 30 °C or higher increases, the number of heat stroke deaths also tends to increase. Although it cannot be said that it is due to climate change, an increase in the number of heat stroke victims has been reported across the country. Future projections suggest an increase in the frequency of heat waves, the risk of death from heat stress, and heat stroke.
②Infectious Diseases
The northern limit of the habitat of mosquitoes that transmit infectious diseases such as dengue fever (Aedes albopictus) roughly coincides with areas with an annual mean temperature of 11°C or higher, reaching Aomori Prefecture in 2016, and may spread to all of Japan except eastern Hokkaido and high-altitude areas by the end of the 21st century. The possible distribution range of infectious disease-carrying arthropods will change, potentially increasing the risk of infectious diseases.
③Other
Health hazards associated with elevated oxidant concentrations increase as a combined effect with air pollution. When localized heavy rains cause overflow of water in combined sewer systems, the water quality downstream of the river is contaminated, which may cause diarrhea, but this has not been reported in Japan.

Adaptations in the health sector

①Heat
Provision of weather information and warnings, as well as information on how to prevent and cope with heat-related problems, in various situations such as emergency, education, medical care, labor, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, sports, tourism, and daily life. Reduce labor by introducing robot technology and ICT to work under severe working conditions such as hot weather.
②Infectious Diseases
Accumulation of scientific knowledge on the relationship between temperature rise and changes in the risk of developing infectious diseases. Take measures to control the source of infectious disease vector mosquitoes, exterminate adult mosquitoes, and alert the public.
③Other
Continue to promote measures to improve combined sewerage systems, air pollution, and so on.

Industrial and economic activities

Impact on industrial and economic activities

①Industrial and economic activities
There are studies suggesting that increases in average temperature in manufacturing affect production activities and location selection of production facilities. Some of the possible long-term rises in sea level and increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme events will cause direct and physical damage to production facilities and other equipment. On the other hand, it may also lead to new business opportunities, and businesses dealing with financial products such as services for predicting and evaluating disaster risks, technologies for improving the thermal environment and comfort of buildings and living spaces, and weather derivatives for compensating damages caused by extreme weather events are being developed.
②Financial and insurance services
Insured losses associated with natural disasters have increased significantly in recent years, and the probability of damage is increasing. It has been reported that insurance companies need to develop new methods of risk hedging and risk diversification that take into account the effects of climate change in the future.
③Tourism
The decrease in sandy beaches due to sea level rise affects leisure in coastal areas. A decrease in snow depth in skiing areas has been reported.
④Other (overseas impacts, etc.)
There are concerns about direct and physical impacts on the production bases of companies overseas, and the impact on the spread of infectious diseases through migration and travel due to the increase in the number of infectious disease vectors overseas. According to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, the sea ice extent in the Arctic region continues to decrease. Impacts on domestic industry and economy through the supply chain: the 2011 floods in Thailand were estimated to have caused about 315 billion yen in losses to domestic companies through the hard disk supply chain.

Adaptation of industrial and economic activities

①Industrial and economic activities
In addition to the accumulation of scientific knowledge in each field, information on climate change impacts on businesses will be collected through environmental reports and interviews with businesses. Through the provision of this information, adaptation efforts and the development of adaptation technologies will be promoted. As an adaptation measure in logistics, promote the formulation of a business continuity plan (BCP) in cooperation with shippers and logistics companies.
②Financial and insurance services
Efforts will be made to improve risk management and monitoring methods for natural disaster risks by non-life insurance companies.
③Tourism
In the tourism industry, it is important to implement adaptation measures based on regional characteristics. Therefore, scientific knowledge on the impacts of climate change in the region will be gathered. Promote the conclusion of agreements between lodging-related organizations and local governments so that lodging facilities such as hotels and inns can be promptly provided as evacuation reception facilities in the event of a disaster. Disaster-related information is transmitted in multiple languages.
④Other (overseas impacts, etc.)
Investigate the impact of overseas climate change on Japan's security, and the impact on socioeconomic conditions and food supply and demand through corporate supply chains, etc. Develop an environment for the utilization of Arctic Ocean shipping routes.

Life of Citizenry and Urban Life

Impacts on Public and Urban Life

①Infrastructure and lifeline
In many areas, record-breaking heavy rains have caused underground flooding, power outages, impact on subways, droughts and floods, impact on water supply infrastructure due to deterioration of water quality, and impact on cut slopes due to heavy rains and typhoons, but it is difficult to clearly determine whether each event is due to the effects of climate change.
②Living with a Sense of Culture and, History
There are reports of changes in the phenology of cherry blossoms, maples, and cicadas. The number of days when cherry blossom viewing is possible is expected to decrease, affecting the areas that use cherry blossoms as a tourist resource.
③ Other (Effects on Life due to Heat)
The heat island phenomenon is superimposed on the rise in temperature due to climate change, which has a major impact on urban life, such as increased risk of heat stroke and loss of comfort.

Adaptation of people's life and urban life

① Infrastructure and lifeline
Based on hazard maps, etc., promote measures against flooding in subways, where flooding damage is expected, and measures to prevent slope collapse due to heavy rains and the collapse of seawalls due to storm surges. In order to maintain maritime transportation, the prevention of collapsing route signs and the strengthening of marine surveillance systems to prevent maritime accidents will be considered. As an emergency transportation road, a highly safe road network will be developed so that police, firefighters, and Self-Defense Force buildings can operate quickly. In addition, disaster prevention functions at "Michi-no-Eki (special roadside stations for cars)" will be strengthened. A power supply addition device will be installed to prevent the suspension of traffic signal functions due to power outages.
②Living with a Sense of Culture and, History
Since there are few studies on the effects of climate change on traditional events and local industries, research will be conducted to collect scientific knowledge.
③Other (Effects on Life due to Heat)
It is important to promote greening in cities because green spaces and water surfaces are effective in mitigating the heat island effect. Preservation of agricultural land in cities should also be promoted as it has the same effect. Promote energy conservation in houses and buildings, reduce exhaust heat from automobiles, and promote the use of public transportation. Promote urban development that utilizes "wind paths" to reduce temperatures regionally.

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